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[absolute advantage|absolute advantage] refers to a situation where a country can produce more of a good than another country.

[absolute value function|absolute value function] is a mathematical function that quantifies the distance of a number from zero on a number line.

[aggregate demand|aggregate demand] refers to the total demand for goods and services in an economy.

[aggregate production function|aggregate production function] is a model that holds technology constant, illustrating the relationship between capital deepening and output.

[aggregate supply|aggregate supply] [aggregate supply] is a key component of the aggregate demand/aggregate supply model.

[algebraic equation|algebraic equation] The algebraic equation is defined as a mathematical expression involving variables and coefficients.

Function composition allows [algebraic operation|algebraic operation] to combine existing functions through a structured process.

[angle measure|angle measure] This brings us to our new angle measure.

[angular speed|angular speed] is a measurement that quantifies the rate of angular rotation per unit time.

[annual percentage yield|annual percentage yield] is a representation of the actual interest rate earned on a compounding account.

[automatic stabilizer|automatic stabilizer] refers to mechanisms that automatically adjust government spending and taxation in response to economic conditions.

[balanced budget|balanced budget] refers to proposals requiring annual equality between government spending and taxes.

[bank regulation|bank regulation] refers to measures designed to maintain banks' solvency by avoiding excessive risk.

[base b|base b] The logarithm function with base b is defined for all positive real numbers, excluding zero.

[base e|base e] is the base of natural logarithms, which are important in calculus and some scientific applications.

[base year|base year] The base year is the year whose prices are used to compute real statistics.

[basic function|basic function] is the standard form used to determine graph transformations from y = x 2.

[bilateral monopoly|bilateral monopoly] refers to a labor market scenario where a union represents the supply side and a monopsony exists on the demand side.

[binomial theorem|binomial theorem] is a formula used to expand binomials raised to a power.

[building block|building block] [building block] is a foundational element of the Keynesian diagnosis.

[carrying capacity|carrying capacity] is the limiting value, sometimes called the carrying capacity, of the model.

The Cartesian form is defined as x = y 2 − 4 y + 5.

The [celsius temperature|celsius temperature] is a unit of temperature measurement.

[central angle|central angle] is an angle formed at the center of a circle by two radii.

[common base|common base] is the base of an exponential expression that remains constant across terms.

[common logarithm|common logarithm] is a logarithm with base 10.

[common ratio|common ratio] is a numerical factor consistently multiplied to generate subsequent terms in a sequence.

[comparative advantage|comparative advantage] refers to a nation's ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other countries.

[composite function|composite function] is a function formed by combining two or more functions in sequence.

[consecutive term|consecutive term] The sequence follows a pattern where each term is multiplied by a common ratio of 0.1.

[constant function|constant function] is a function where every input maps to the same output value.

[constant ratio|constant ratio] is the ratio between two consecutive terms in a geometric sequence, known as the common ratio.

The train's distance from the station is determined by the time it moves at [constant speed|constant speed] and its initial distance from the station.

[constant term|constant term] is the constant value in a polynomial expression.

[coordinate pair|coordinate pair] A coordinate pair consists of two numbers, where the first number represents the x-coordinate and the second number represents the y-coordinate.

[corporate governance|corporate governance] refers to the name economists give to the institutions tasked with overseeing top executives.

[corresponding output value|corresponding output value] The function's graph consists of discrete points when defined for only a few input values.

The corresponding range is identified through specific criteria.

[counterclockwise direction|counterclockwise direction] The counterclockwise direction is used to measure angles in a polar coordinate system.

[cube root|cube root] [cube root] is a power function with a fractional exponent of 1/3.

A merged currency currency signifies that a nation has relinquished control over its domestic monetary policy.

[deadweight loss|deadweight loss] is loss in total surplus that occurs when the economy produces at an inefficient quantity.

[decibels d|decibels d] is a unit used to measure sound intensity, defined by the equation D = 10 log ( I I 0 ).

[decreasing function|decreasing function] refers to a function where the slope is negative.

[demand and supply|demand and supply] is a foundational concept in economics that uses two-dimensional diagrams with price and quantity as axes to represent demand and supply curves.

depression An angle of depression is the acute angle formed between a horizontal line and the line of sight from an observer to an object below.

[directed line segment|directed line segment] A directed line segment is a vector defined by an initial point and a terminal point.

[distance formula|distance formula] is a mathematical formula used to find the distance between two points in a coordinate plane.

[distributive property|distributive property] states that the product of a factor times a sum equals the sum of the factor multiplied by each term in the sum.

[dollar value|dollar value] The dollar value of outstanding Treasury bonds represents the federal government's total debt.

[double angle|double angle] Using the Pythagorean properties, we can expand the double-angle formula for cosine and derive two additional variations.

[economic growth|economic growth] refers to rapid and sustained increases in a country's economic output.

The production possibilities frontier illustrates two kinds of efficiency: productive efficiency and allocative efficiency.

elasticity Economists calculate elasticity along a demand or supply curve by using the average percent change in both quantity and price.

election The theory of rational ignorance posits that voters will recognize their single vote's negligible impact on election outcomes.

elimination is a method used to solve systems of two equations in two variables by eliminating one variable.

[end behavior|end behavior] refers to the behavior of a polynomial function as x approaches positive or negative infinity.

[equal increment|equal increment] For exponential growth, equal increments in input lead to a constant multiplicative rate of change.

[equation form|equation form] To write a function in equation form, one must express its algebraic formula.

[even function|even function] is a function where f(−x) = f(x).

[even integer|even integer] represents the difference between the number of sign changes in f(−x) and the actual count of negative real zeros of a polynomial function.

[even root|even root] is a number resulting from taking an even root of a negative number.

[even those|even those] [even those] refers to individuals who maintain employment despite economic changes.

[exactly one element|exactly one element] In the given example, the domain { even, odd } is not paired with exactly one element in the range { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 } .

[exchange rate|exchange rate] [exchange rate] refers to the value of one currency in terms of another.

[exchange rate policy|exchange rate policy] refers to a nation's strategy for managing currency values.

The excluded values are 6 and 0.

expenditure refers to spending that affects the equilibrium level of GDP.

[exponential decay|exponential decay] is a process where a quantity decreases by a constant multiplicative factor over equal time intervals.

[exponential decay function|exponential decay function] is a mathematical function where the base of the exponent is a value between 0 and 1, describing a decrease in quantity over time with the exponent representing the

[exponential expression|exponential expression] An exponential expression involves exponents, which are also referred to as powers.

[exponential form|exponential form] [exponential form] represents equations where variables are exponents, specifically expressed as b m = M and b n = N .

[exponential function|exponential function] is a mathematical function where a positive constant (base) is raised to a variable exponent.

[exponential growth|exponential growth] is a pattern of growth where the quantity increases by a constant percentage over equal time intervals.

[exponential growth model|exponential growth model] [exponential growth model] is a model that assumes continuous growth at a constant rate.

[factored form|factored form] The factored form represents an expression written as a product of its factors.

The [fahrenheit temperature|fahrenheit temperature] is expressed as a linear function of Celsius temperature, denoted as F(C).

[ferris wheel|ferris wheel] is a structure with a diameter of 25 meters.

[fibonacci sequence|fibonacci sequence] is a sequence where each term is the sum of the two preceding terms.

[financial capital|financial capital] refers to the supply of funds available for investment.

[fiscal policy|fiscal policy] refers to the strategic use of government spending and taxation to shape economic growth and stability across different periods.

[five unit|five unit] results in losses or negative profits for the firm at this level of quantity and output.

[fixed input|fixed input] Fixed inputs are entities that cannot easily be adjusted within a short time period.

[fixed line|fixed line] In the context of a parabola, the fixed point is referred to as the focus, while the fixed line is termed the directrix.

[foreign direct investment|foreign direct investment] [foreign direct investment] refers to purchasing a firm in another country or establishing a new enterprise there, typically involving at least ten percent ownership.

[function composition|function composition] is the process of combining two or more functions to create a new function, where the output of one function serves as the input for the next.

[function notation|function notation] is a shorthand method for relating input to output in the form y = f(x).

The function value at that point represents a local maximum or minimum.

globalization refers to the expanding cultural, political, and economic connections between people around the world, a trend that has been observed in recent decades.

[government borrowing|government borrowing] refers to the difference between government spending (G) and net taxes (T), which equals the budget deficit in any given year.

[government spending|government spending] refers to the allocation of financial resources by public authorities to provide goods and services.

[grade point average|grade point average] The grade point average is a function of the percent grade earned.

[graphing calculator|graphing calculator] is a tool used for the following exercises.

[gross domestic product|gross domestic product] operates through integration with national accounts, which track economic activities and its components.

[gross national product|gross national product] is one of the closest cousins of GDP.

[ground speed|ground speed] refers to the speed of an object relative to the ground.

[highest exponent|highest exponent] refers to the maximum power of a variable in an equation.

[highest power|highest power] refers to the highest exponent of a variable in a polynomial.

[horizontal compression|horizontal compression] refers to a horizontal compression by a factor of 1 5 of the graph of f.

[horizontal distance|horizontal distance] is defined as the horizontal component of a point's position in a plane.

[horizontal line|horizontal line] A horizontal line is a straight line that runs parallel to the x-axis in a coordinate plane.

[horizontal line test|horizontal line test] The horizontal line test is a method used to determine if a graph represents a one-to-one function.

[horizontal shift|horizontal shift] A horizontal shift occurs when a constant is added to or subtracted from the input.

immigration refers to the movement of people across borders, raising difficult policy questions.

[income elasticity|income elasticity] refers to the responsiveness of demand to changes in income.

[increasing function|increasing function] is a function where for any two points a and b in its domain with b > a, the function satisfies f(b) > f(a).

[indifference curve|indifference curve] is a graphical representation showing combinations of two goods that provide equal utility.

The mechanism of [industry structure|industry structure] involves the interplay between production processes and cost structures.

[infinite sequence|infinite sequence] [infinite sequence] is a sequence with an infinite number of terms.

inflation means that we perceive price signals more vaguely, like a radio program received with considerable static.

[initial or starting value|initial or starting value] The entity denotes the initial or starting value of a function, specifically when the input x equals 0.

[initial value|initial value] serves as the initial value for the function, representing the starting point of the model with y = a.

[input quantity|input quantity] The input quantity along the horizontal axis is defined as 'years,' represented by the variable t.

[inside function|inside function] When the inside function is a trigonometric function, only specific combinations yield exact expressions.

insurance is a method of sharing risk.

[intermediate zone|intermediate zone] refers to the curved section of the SRAS curve located between the Keynesian and neoclassical zones.

[international trade|international trade] refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries.

[interval notation|interval notation] is a method to represent domains and solutions using numerical intervals.

intra [intra] refers to trade of goods within the same industry between countries.

[inverse function|inverse function] [inverse function] is a function that reverses the effect of another function, effectively undoing its action.

[inverse sine|inverse sine] [inverse sine] is a function that reverses the sine function, often called arcsine.

[inverse trigonometric function|inverse trigonometric function] [inverse trigonometric function] refers to functions that reverse the effect of trigonometric functions.

[inverse variation|inverse variation] Inverse variation describes a relationship where one quantity is a constant divided by another quantity.

[investment account|investment account] is a financial tool used to hold and grow money through investments.

[keynesian perspective|keynesian perspective] introduced the Phillips curve and derived it from the aggregate supply curve.

[labor market|labor market] refers to the term economists apply to encompass all different labor-related markets.

[labor productivity|labor productivity] measures the value generated by each employed person relative to the input they contribute.

[labor supply|labor supply] refers to the quantity of hours worked by individuals.

[leading coefficient|leading coefficient] The leading coefficient refers to the coefficient of the highest degree term in a polynomial equation.

[leading term|leading term] The leading term is 0.2 x 3, which identifies it as a degree 3 polynomial.

The term [least possible degree|least possible degree] refers to the minimum level of measurement required for a given context.

linear is a function whose graph is a straight line.

[linear regression|linear regression] is a method that uses least squares to determine the line which best fits the data.

[linear speed|linear speed] refers to the rate at which an object moves along a straight path.

[local extrema|local extrema] are points on a function's graph where the function reaches a local maximum or minimum within a specific interval defined by vertical asymptotes.

[local maxima|local maxima] are values of a function where the function reaches a peak relative to its neighboring points.

[local maximum|local maximum] is the y-coordinate at x = 1, which is 2.

[local minimum|local minimum] refers to the y-coordinate at x = −1, which is −2.

[logarithm function|logarithm function] is a mathematical function that maps positive real numbers to real numbers.

[logarithmic function|logarithmic function] is the inverse of an exponential function.

[logarithmic model|logarithmic model] is a mathematical model defined by the equation h ( p ) = 67.682 − 5.792 ln ( p ).

[long division|long division] [long division] involves dividing polynomials through a structured process.

[long run|long run] refers to a timeframe in economics where the firm's decisions are not constrained by fixed inputs.

[low risk|low risk] [low risk] refers to investments with low rate of return but high liquidity, typically showing actual returns that are fairly close to expected rates year after year.

[lowest point|lowest point] refers to the minimum value of a function.

[macroeconomic perspective|macroeconomic perspective] [macroeconomic perspective] refers to the analysis of services as intangible things consumers purchase, such as healthcare or entertainment.

[march 2013|march 2013] [march 2013] marked the release of the most recent impact statement by the Nebraska Department of State.

[marginal utility|marginal utility] refers to the additional utility gained from consuming one more unit of a good.

[matrix multiplication|matrix multiplication] is a binary operation that satisfies both associative and distributive properties.

[maximum or minimum value|maximum or minimum value] The maximum or minimum value of a quadratic function corresponds to the output at its vertex.

The maximum value of a quadratic function corresponds to its vertex's y-coordinate, representing the minimum or maximum.

[mirror image|mirror image] A mirror image is a reflection that produces a mirrored version of the original graph, either horizontally or vertically.

[monetary policy|monetary policy] Monetary policy involves a sequence of actions initiated by the central bank.

[monopolistic competition|monopolistic competition] refers to a market where many firms sell differentiated products.

monopoly arises when a single firm sells a product for which there are no close substitutes.

[multiply row|multiply row] is the operation of multiplying an entire row by a scalar value.

[negative angle|negative angle] A negative angle is an angle measured clockwise from the positive x-axis.

[negative reciprocal|negative reciprocal] [negative reciprocal] refers to the relationship between the slopes of two lines where one slope is the negative of the reciprocal of the other.

[negative value|negative value] describes the profit function's behavior where negative values occur before x = 50,000.

[neoclassical perspective|neoclassical perspective] [neoclassical perspective] refers to a framework that examines economic phenomena, particularly highlighting that the short-run scenario is only the beginning of a chai

[no restriction|no restriction] The function f(x) = x^3 has an unrestricted domain because every real number has a cube root.

[no solution|no solution] A system with no solution is graphically represented by three planes that lack a common point.

The entity [non-negative integer|non-negative integer] represents the exponent of the variable in a term of a polynomial function.

[odd function|odd function] [odd function] is a function where f(−x) = −f(x), and its graph is symmetric about the origin.

oligopoly is a situation where a few firms sell most or all of the goods in a market.

[one equation|one equation] The equation is set equal to zero, requiring only one equation to be written.

[one function|one function] A one-to-one function is a function in which each output value corresponds to exactly one input value.

[one half|one half] is one-half the diameter, equivalent to a radius of 2.

[one hour|one hour] After one hour (t = 1), the population doubles from 10 to 20.

[one line|one line] The slope of one line is the negative reciprocal of the other.

[one method|one method] One method involves augmenting the 3×3 matrix by repeating the first two columns to form a 3×5 matrix.

[one more unit|one more unit] Marginal cost refers to the cost incurred from producing one more unit of output.

[one quantity|one quantity] Direct variation describes a relationship where one quantity is a constant multiplied by another quantity.

[one reason|one reason] refers to the situation where Canadian workers earn slightly less compared to other countries, particularly in sectors like healthcare and insurance where costs are not tied to employment.

[one side|one side] refers to a side of an equation that is simplified to match the other side.

[one variable|one variable] The degree of a polynomial in one variable is determined by the highest exponent of that variable.

[one year'|one year'] [one year'] refers to a period of one year, specifically noted in the context of bond payments where the expected payment one year from now is $1,080, including the final interest pay

[one-to-one function|one-to-one function] A one-to-one function is a function where each output value corresponds to exactly one input value.

[open interval|open interval] is a mathematical concept describing a set of values between two endpoints without including the endpoints.

[opposite sign|opposite sign] The difference of squares is a special product resulting from multiplying a binomial by another binomial with the same terms but the opposite sign.

[ordered pair|ordered pair] is a mathematical concept representing two values, typically an x-coordinate and y-coordinate, used to locate a point in a coordinate system.

[outer function|outer function] The outer function receives the output from the inner function as its input.

[parallel line|parallel line] are defined by equations written in slope-intercept form.

[parent function|parent function] The parent function refers to the base form of a function before any transformations are applied.

[perceived demand curve|perceived demand curve] The perceived demand curve for a monopolistically competitive firm is downward-sloping, which shows it is a price maker and allows selection of price and quantity.

[percent grade|percent grade] A percent grade represents the proportion of points earned in an assignment or assessment.

[perfect competition|perfect competition] refers to a market structure where many sellers offer identical products, ensuring easy entry and exiting for firms.

[perfect square|perfect square] [perfect square] refers to a number or expression that is the square of an integer or another expression.

[perfect square trinomial|perfect square trinomial] [perfect square trinomial] is a trinomial that can be written as the square of a binomial.

[periodic function|periodic function] is a function that repeats its values in regular intervals or periods.

[phase shift|phase shift] refers to a shift in phase, measured in units.

[phillips curve|phillips curve] [phillips curve] describes the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short run.

A piecewise function is a function in which more than one formula is used to define the output over different pieces of the domain.

[point p|point p] The definition of point p is its role as the initial point of a vector v, which is characterized by its coordinates (x1, y1).

[point-slope formula|point-slope formula] is a method for finding the equation of a line when the slope and a point on the line are known.

[policy implication|policy implication] refers to the clear requirement that government needs to step in and close the gap.

A pollution charge is a tax imposed on the quantity of pollution that a firm emits.

[polynomial expression|polynomial expression] A polynomial expression is a mathematical equation that contains variables and exponents.

[polynomial function|polynomial function] is defined by its degree and leading coefficient.

[pork barrel spending|pork barrel spending] Logrolling involves legislators agreeing to vote for a package of unrelated laws they individually favor.

[positive constant|positive constant] A hyperbola is defined as the set of points in a plane where the difference of distances from two fixed points, known as foci, is a positive constant.

A factorial represents the product of a positive integer and all smaller positive integers.

[positive value|positive value] The mechanism involves solving by writing two equations.

[possible outcome|possible outcome] The mechanism involves constructing a probability model that enumerates each possible outcome and links it to its associated probability.

poverty is characterized by significantly higher rates among females, Hispanics, and African Americans compared to Whites.

[poverty trap|poverty trap] [poverty trap] refers to a situation where economic gains from work are diminished by additional costs.

[power function|power function] is a mathematical function where a variable is raised to a constant real number exponent, expressed as f(x) = kx^n, where k is a coefficient and n is the exponent.

[preceding term|preceding term] is a recursive formula that defines each term of a sequence using the preceding term(s).

[present discounted value|present discounted value] is a widely used analytical tool outside the world of finance.

[price ceiling|price ceiling] refers to a legal maximum price set for some good or service, which determines the highest amount one pays.

Cross-price elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in quantity demanded of a good relative to the percentage change in the price of a related good.

[price floor|price floor] A price floor represents the legally mandated minimum price for a good or service.

[producer surplu|producer surplu] [producer surplu] with trade is represented as the area of a triangle formed by specific points.

[production possibilities frontier|production possibilities frontier] The production possibilities frontier is a diagram representing the maximum output combinations of two goods an economy can achieve given its resource

[productive efficiency|productive efficiency] refers to the state where, given the available inputs and technology, it is impossible to produce more of one good without reducing another.

[pythagorean theorem|pythagorean theorem] is based on a right triangle where a and b represent the lengths of the legs adjacent to the right angle, and c denotes the hypotenuse.

[quadrant ii|quadrant ii] is a quadrant where the reference angle is calculated as θ' ≈ π − 1.8235 ≈ 1.3181.

[quadratic formula|quadratic formula] is a formula that will solve all quadratic equations.

[quadratic function|quadratic function] [quadratic function] is a polynomial function characterized by its degree of two.

[radian measure|radian measure] is a unitless measure representing the ratio of a circle's circumference to its radius.

[radical function|radical function] is a function defined by a radical expression.

[radius r|radius r] is a measure of distance from the center to the edge of a circle or sphere.

[rational equation|rational equation] is a mathematical equation containing rational expressions.

A rational function is a function that can be written as the quotient of two polynomial functions P ( x ) and Q ( x ).

[rational zero theorem|rational zero theorem] states that for a polynomial with integer coefficients, every rational zero has the form p/q where p is a factor of the constant term and q is a factor of the leading coeffic

[real-world application|real-world application] A linear equation models the real-world application by representing the cost structure.

[reasonable domain|reasonable domain] The domain represents the set of input values for which the function is defined.

[reciprocal identity|reciprocal identity] The reciprocal identity defines cotangent as 1 divided by tangent.

[regression line|regression line] is a line that represents the best fit for data points in a scatter plot.

[restricted domain|restricted domain] The restricted domain refers to a set of conventional choices that are somewhat arbitrary but possess important, helpful characteristics.

[restricting import|restricting import] refers to the practice of limiting the flow of goods into a country.

[ricardian equivalence|ricardian equivalence] [ricardian equivalence] refers to the idea that private saving adjusts to offset any changes in the government budget.

[richter scale|richter scale] is a base-ten logarithmic scale used to measure the magnitudes of earthquakes.

[right angle|right angle] is defined by two adjacent sides forming a 90-degree angle.

[scalar multiple|scalar multiple] A scalar multiple is a single entry in a matrix resulting from multiplying a matrix element by a scalar.

[scalar multiplication|scalar multiplication] is a mathematical operation where a scalar is multiplied by each element of a matrix or vector, resulting in a new matrix or vector with scaled elements.

scarcity refers to situations where human wants for goods and services surpass the available supply.

[section opener|section opener] presents an example where the parameter is time, t.

[set-builder notation|set-builder notation] Set-builder notation is a method for specifying a set of elements that satisfy a certain condition.

[short run|short run] refers to a period of time in which at least some factors of production are fixed.

[shorthand method|shorthand method] [shorthand method] refers to a method of writing numbers using notation that represents very small or very large values.

The task is to determine whether the simplified expression [simplified expression|simplified expression] is rational or irrational.

[sine value|sine value] The sine value corresponds to the y-coordinate on the unit circle.

[sinusoidal function|sinusoidal function] is a mathematical function that describes periodic oscillations.

[slope formula|slope formula] is a mathematical formula used to calculate the slope of a line between two points.

[slope intercept form|slope intercept form] The mechanism of slope intercept form involves expressing equations by rearranging them to isolate the y-variable.

[special angle|special angle] To evaluate trigonometric functions of a special angle, side lengths are used as the basis for calculation.

[square inch|square inch] is a unit of area representing one inch by one inch.

[square root function|square root function] is the inverse of the squaring function, similar to how subtraction is the inverse of addition.

[square root property|square root property] [square root property] refers to applying it to solve quadratic equations.

[squares formula|squares formula] is a mathematical identity representing the product of a binomial difference and sum, expressed as a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b).

[standard form|standard form] The standard form is useful for determining how the graph is transformed from the graph of y = x 2.

[standard form equation|standard form equation] The standard form equation represents the ellipse's equation in a structured format.

[straight path|straight path] Linear speed refers to the rate at which an object moves along a straight path.

[stretch factor|stretch factor] is a scalar value that determines the vertical scaling of a function.

[stronger dollar|stronger dollar] refers to a situation where the U.S.

[subsequent term|subsequent term] is the value added to a term in an arithmetic sequence to produce the subsequent term.

[supply side|supply side] refers to entities in the foreign exchange market seeking to convert earnings from U.S.

[surface area s|surface area s] [surface area s] is calculated using the formula S = 2 π r ( r + h ) for a right circular cylinder.

[synthetic division|synthetic division] is a shortcut method employed when dividing a polynomial by a binomial in the form x − k, where k is a real number.

taxation Taxation is a core component of fiscal policy, which involves government decisions on spending, borrowing, and taxation.

[terminal side|terminal side] is the side of an angle where the rotation ends.

[three term|three term] A trinomial is a three term polynomial.

three-by-three refers to a system of three equations with three variables.

[three-by-three system|three-by-three system] A mathematical framework representing solutions as ordered triples { ( x , y , z ) } through elimination of variables to achieve upper triangular form, enabling back-substitu

[time t|time t] represents time in the projectile motion equation h(t) = −4.9t² + 18t + 40 and the investment growth formula A(t) = a e^(rt).

[total distance|total distance] refers to the cumulative measurement of the path traveled.

[trade balance|trade balance] refers to the difference between exports and imports.

[trade policy|trade policy] affects the ability of countries to set independent trade rules outside free trade associations.

tradeoff A tradeoff arises for all countries, whether high-income or low-income, and whether their economies are market-oriented or command-oriented.

[trigonometric equation|trigonometric equation] A trigonometric equation involves solving for an angle using trigonometric functions.

[trigonometric expression|trigonometric expression] A trigonometric expression can be represented in multiple ways.

[trigonometric function|trigonometric function] The maximum value of the trigonometric function occurs when θ equals π/2 plus or minus 2kπ.

[true statement|true statement] The true statement 0 = 0 indicates a dependent system with infinitely many solutions.

[two expression|two expression] These values are identified through results derived from mathematical principles.

[two function|two function] Function composition differs from multiplication, as demonstrated by the evidence that in most cases f ( g ( x ) ) ≠ f ( x ) g ( x ).

unemployment refers to the state of being without a job during periods of recession and depression, when unemployment is high.

[upper limit|upper limit] denotes the final value in a summation index, denoting the highest index value for the summation process.

[upper triangular form|upper triangular form] The goal is to eliminate one variable at a time to achieve upper triangular form, which is the ideal form for a three-by-three system.

[variable cost|variable cost] refers to costs that change with the level of production.

[variable term|variable term] is raised to the reciprocal of the exponent to eliminate the exponent on the variable term.

[vertical line|vertical line] The vertical line has length 2y, and since the sides are all equal, we can also conclude that r = 2y or y = 1/2 r.

[vertical line test|vertical line test] The vertical line test is a method used in the following exercises to determine which graphs represent functions.

[vertical reflection|vertical reflection] is a transformation that negates the output values of a function, creating a mirror image across the x-axis.

[vertical stretch|vertical stretch] refers to a transformation where the graph of a function is scaled vertically by a specified factor.

[viewing window|viewing window] refers to the range of x-values displayed on a graphing utility when graphing functions.

[voting cycle|voting cycle] occurs in a situation with at least three choices.

[x coordinate|x coordinate] To determine new coordinates for shifted functions, subtract c from the x coordinate.

[y value|y value] The inverse of a function is found by swapping the x-values and y-values in its ordered pairs.

[zero elasticity|zero elasticity] refers to the extreme case where a percentage change in price, no matter how large, results in zero change in quantity.